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<br /> <br />The Effects of a $15 Minimum Wage by 2019 in Santa Clara County and San Jose 75 <br /> <br /> <br />minimum wage increase. Our wage simulation model estimates that 6.6 percent of increased <br />wages will go to workers living outside the state. <br />26 Neumark, Salas and Wascher (2014) have criticized these findings. A response paper <br />(Allegretto et al. 2015) refutes the criticisms. <br />27 Federal law permits a 90-day subminimum wage for workers under the age of 20. <br />28 For example, the State of California uses the following definition in SB-3 Sec. 3(b)(4): <br />“Employees who are treated as employed by a single qualified taxpayer under subdivision (h) of <br />Section 23626 of the [California] Revenue and Taxation Code, as it read on the effective date of <br />this section, shall be considered employees of that taxpayer for the purposes of this ordinance.” <br /> <br />29 There is no single consensus estimate of the size of the ripple-effect from minimum wage <br />increases. We draw on Wicks-Lim (2006), who finds a modal ripple effect of 115 percent across <br />state and federal minimum wage increases from 1983-2002. Cooper (2013) uses a common <br />convention of defining the ripple-effect band as equal to the new minimum wage plus the <br />absolute value of the minimum wage increase being studied. <br />8.A. - Page 89