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<br />APPENDICES, Page | 74 <br />Principles of Effective Intervention <br />During the past two decades, there has been renewed interest in examining correctional <br />research. These efforts have been led by researchers such as Gendreau, Andrews, <br />Cullen, Lipsey and others.9 Much evidence has been generated, leading to the <br />conclusion that many rehabilitation programs have, in fact, produced significant <br />reductions in recidivism. The next critical issue became the identification of those <br />characteristics most commonly associated with effective programs. Through the work of <br />numerous scholars (Andrews et al., 199010; Cullen and Gendreau, 200011; Lipsey <br />199912), several “principles of effective intervention” have been identified. These <br />principles can be briefly categorized as the following: <br />• Assess Risk/Needs <br />• Enhance Intrinsic Motivation <br />• Target Interventions <br />o Risk Principle <br />o Needs Principle <br />o Responsivity Principle <br />o Dosage <br />o Treatment Principle <br />• Skill Train with Directed Practice <br />• Increase Positive Reinforcement <br />• Engage Ongoing Support in Natural Communities <br />• Measure Relevant Processes/Practices <br />• Provide Measurement Feedback <br /> <br /> <br />9 For a thorough review of this research, see Cullen, F.T. and B.K. Applegate. 1998. Offender rehabilitation: Effective correct ional <br />intervention. Brookfield, Vt.: Ashgate Darthmouth. <br />10 Andrews, D.A., I. Zinger, R.D. Hoge, J. Bonta, P. Gendreau and F.T. Cullen. 1990. Does correctional treatment work? A clinically <br />relevant and psychologically informed meta-analysis. Criminology 28(3):369-404. <br />11 Cullen, F.T. and P. Gendreau. 2000. Assessing correctional rehabilitation: Policy, practice, and prospects. In Criminal justi ce <br />2000: Volume 3 – Policies, processes, and decisions of the criminal justice system, ed. J. Horney, 109-175. Washington, D.C.: <br />U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice. <br />12 Lipsey, M.W. 1999. Can intervention rehabilitate serious delinquents? The Annuals of the American Academy of Political and <br />Social Science, 564(2):142-166. <br />7.C. - Page 82 of 101 <br />141