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FA LAICHRISTINA FAX W 20 <br />. 65050896ee Jan. 20 03 06 :"PM % �'I <br />Ort <br />2. Chemical (� / /�' tf'/ / do o�a� �s� <br />/ Public concoms and perceptio101, ldrinking water \ safety are the challenge for my water N r / <br />1 agency. Water reuse involving groundwater rocharge will also be regarded as drinking <br />water. `ems <br />Four water quality factors are of particular concern: (1) microbiological quality, (2) total <br />/ mineral content (e.g., total dinched solids), (3) presence of toxicant of the heavy metal We�/ <br />type, and (4) the concentration of stable organic substances. ,Particularly for the last two <br />cote atudiesiaeavintom ,Qptd aat000iaartt toQVhavercvcale <br />� cal -tam asaoeiatnd with elte+edeateosu ouadt ttaoh .a disinfec, �r jl�, <br />y��rod�uctit �BPaI, �rtnaoeutically ir8vc ¢tnn� o and ® 6 <br />j eetwna�csac probaoO (PLfsat lows o ohm adt��¢'�}ttOdCpt). -Those trace <br />organic oompo'tmds aWoe some ° comvonadr gnat m � 1}�CS"�/ <br />hexavwt!at cltrotmnm toned m toJM � rdirater fpr hutrnan end ' ' /j V <br />eobbglal hesldt tick. fn addition,' [roses are growing` canccma among the public and the �� <br />ff r m Ose tleCe cOnntmtnatlt8 in f001almed wtt0r WifiCb WC[C COiD01dCd with � /� <br />increasingly sensitive detection techniques that enabled detection of extremely low r�r•s <br />contaminant concentrations. <br />Future diireetbas for water rouse <br />In many parts of the world, agricultural irrigation using reclaimed water has been <br />practiced for many centuries. Uaudscape irrigation such as irrigation of golf courses, <br />parks and playgrounds has been success&lly implemented in many urban areas for over <br />30 years. Salt management in irrigated croplands may require special attention in many <br />and and semi -arid regions. Beyond irrigation and non - potable urban rouse, indirect or <br />direct potable reuse need careful evaluation and close public scrutiny. It is obvious from <br />public health and acceptance standpoints that non - potable water reuse options must be <br />exhaustively explored prior to any notion of indirect or direct potable muse. <br />Groundwater recharge with reclaimed water and direct potable water reuse share many of <br />:he public health concerts encountered in drinking water withdrawn from polluted rivers <br />and reservoirs. Three classes of constituents are of spacial concern where reclaimed <br />water is used in such applications: (1) amarie viruses and other emerging pathogens; (2) <br />organic constituents including industrial and pharmaceutical chemicals, residual home <br />cleaning and personal care products and other persistent pollutants; and (3) salts and <br />heavy metals. The ramifications of many of these constituents in trace quantities are not <br />well understood with aspect to lung -term health effects. For example, there are concerns <br />about exposure to chemicals that may fraction as endocrine disrupturs; also the potential <br />for development of antibiotic resistance is of concern. As a result, regulatory agencies <br />am proceeding with extreme cwuion in permitting water reuse applications that affect <br />potable water supplies. In each case in the United States wbere potable water reuse has <br />been contemplated, alternative sources of water have beau developed in tho ensuing years <br />and the need to adopt direct potable water reuse has been avoided. As the proportional <br />quantities of treated wastewater discharged into the receiving water increases, much of <br />the research which addresses groundwater recbarge and potable water reuse is becoming <br />