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Cryptospondium (part 1 of 2) Page 2 of 13 �� - I 1 Kingdom. In April 1993, the largest North American outbreak affecting almost 400,000 people occurred in Miiwaukee, Wisconsin. This outbreak has attracted much nationai attention and the effects of the outbreak were still experienced even a year later. In early 1994, an outbreak occurred in the Las Vegas area affecting approximately 78 people. Water was speculated to be the cause. In 1996, several outbreaks occurred in Canada including approximately 14,500 cases in Kelowna and British Columbia.ls In 1997, an outbreak affecting four suburbs in London, England infecting at least 345 people. The cases were strongly associated with drinking water. Most water supply related incidents of Cryptosporidium have occurred during the spring and in filtered supplies. The Organism Description Cryptosporidium is an oval-shaped protozoan parasite found in man, mammals, birds, fish, and reptiles. Cryptosporidium has a complicated life cycle (Figure 1) which goes through many forms, the most relevant form being a 4 to 6 Fm diameter oocyst, which contains the infective sporozoites. Although the number of species of Cryptosporidium is open to questions, only one, C. parvum, appears responsible for significant human health concerns. sa«e�.aK ��ated � ' 1i . ►:M�wir P�Atd'1 r�apA�ade . � ,,� .. . ' � � .. � -.r� � ++„ ,+�:- r �EJ�s �Mea � � : 1. . er �°' �� 4. y,.�.�F.k: _i � :A � � �� � Y f �;�, . �.,;.� :,. _. �. �: +� - �` : .:+..,:,.-,.; _ �. , `+ . r'`: � .. 9'.�G"1 ' y.:- %:;:: . � 4a4 � �` � �� .- E Cryptosporidium oocysts are resistant to adverse environmental factors and can survive for months under optimum environmental conditions. The released infective sporozoites do not survive well. The Disease In humans, cryptosporidiosis results in a self-limiting but unpleasant diarrhea in http://sfwater.org/printContent.cfin/C_ID/446/ 10/19/2004 r .. . .__ .