AgdaPkt 2016-02-22 Closed and Interview and Joint SA PFA

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APPENDICES City of Redwood City, Public Works Division Initial Study & Mitigated Negative Declaration 14 Blankinship & Associates, Inc. days of exposure. At 112 days exposure, the tissue concentrations increased to c. 120 ppm. The authors did not have an explanation for this anomaly. After being transferred to uncontaminated soil, the earthworms eliminated the copper according to a two-compartment model with the half-life times being, t1/2-1 = 0.36 d and t1/2-2 = 37 d. Morgan and Morgan 1990 Earthworms (Lumbricus rubellus) were collected from an uncontaminated site and four metalliferous mine sites. Copper concentrations in soil and in tissues were measured. The worms were held under clean conditions to allow eliminate soil from their alimentary canal. The concentrations of copper in earthworm tissues reflected the concentrations in the soil. The authors conclude that there was no evidence that copper was sequestered in earthworms. Morgan and Morgan 1999 Copper concentrations in earthworm (Aporrectodea caliginosa and Lumbricus rubellus) tissue were lower than in their ingesta. This suggests that copper does not bioaccumulate in earthworms. Neuhauser et al. 1995 Overall, copper did not bioconcentrate in earthworm in contaminated soil, but showed a slight tendency to bioconcentrate when soil copper concentrations were low. Pyatt et al. 1997 Appreciable concentrations (0.3 – 4.6%) of copper were measured in all tissues of the freshwater snail (Lymnaea stagnalis), whereas no measurable quantities of copper were found in food or water. The authors conclude that bioaccumulation occurred. Svendsen and Weeks 1997a,b There is an inverse relationship between the bioconcentration factors and soil concentrations under laboratory conditions for the earthworm Eisenia andrei and under field conditions for the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus. Bioconcentration factors ranged from 4.0 using control soil and 0.30 using soil amended with 339 ppm Cu under laboratory conditions. Bioconcentration factors in the field ranged from 4.1 under control conditions to 0.4 when the soil plots contained 231 ppm Cu. Fish Dietary Toxicity Berntssen et al. 1999 Laboratory tests were conducted to determine the effects of dietary copper on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Dietary concentrations were 0, 35, and 700 mg Cu/kg diet for an experiment lasting 28 days. Addition of the copper supplemented diet did not cause an increase in the water concentrations of copper. Dietary exposure significantly increased intestinal cell proliferation and apoptosis (degeneration of cells into membrane-bound particles that are then phagocytosed by other cells). The copper exposed groups did not grow during the trial. Lundebye et al. 1999 Laboratory tests were conducted to determine the effects of dietary copper on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Dietary concentrations were 0, 35, and 700 mg Cu/kg diet for an experiment lasting 28 days, and 5, 35, 500, 700, 900, and 1750 mg Cu/kg diet in an experiment lasting 12 weeks. Mean weights of fish used in the tests were 72 and 0.9 g in the first and second experiments, respectively. No mortality was observed in the first experiment, and only 2% died in the second experiment. Food consumption was not altered in either experiment at any dietary concentration. Cells of the intestinal lining were damaged in fish at both dietary concentrations in the first experiment. Growth of fish in 6.3.A. - Page 83