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APPENDICES <br />City of Redwood City, Public Works Division Initial Study & Mitigated Negative Declaration <br /> <br /> 13 Blankinship & Associates, Inc. <br /> <br />Han et al. 1996 <br />Shellfish accumulated copper in natural and aquaculture ponds in Taiwan. The sediments in the <br />aquaculture ponds were finer grain and contained 4X concentrations of copper. Five mollusks were <br />collected, but only purple clams (Hiatula diphos) and hard clams (Meretrix lusoria) were collected <br />from both environments. The relative accumulation in each environment did not show a consistent <br />pattern for both species indicating that the concentration in the shellfish was not controlled only by <br />total copper concentrations in the sediments. <br /> <br />Haritonidis and Malea 1999 <br />Copper concentrations in green algae (Ulva rigida) (2.2 ± 0.2 μg/g dry weight) collected from <br />Thermaikos Gulf, Greece were less than seawater concentrations (1.5 ± 0.08 μg/L) and sediment (2.7 <br />± 0.5 μg/g dry weight). This suggests that copper will not bioconcentrate in algae. <br /> <br />Harrahy and Clements 1997 <br />Bioaccumulation factors were calculated for the benthic invertebrate, Chironomus tentans, to be 16.63 <br />and 12.99 during two uptake tests. Depuration was rapid. Copper concentrations were similar to <br />background within four days. The authors caution that the bioaccumulation factors presented may be <br />related to bioavailability that is driven by sediment characteristics. <br /> <br />Hendriks et al. 1998 <br />Bioaccumulation ratios were determined for zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) from the Rhine- <br />Meuse Delta in the Netherlands. For copper, the ratio between mussels and suspended solids was 0.31 <br />indicating tissue concentrations did not exceed environmental concentrations and that copper had not <br />bioaccumulated <br /> <br />Janssen and Hogervorst 1993 <br />Concentration factors were calculated for nine arthropod species inhabiting the forest litter layer in a <br />clean reference site and a polluted site in The Netherlands: pseudoscorpion (Neobisium muscorum), <br />harvestman (Paroligolophus agrestis), carabids (Notiophilus biguttatus and Calathus <br />melanocephalus), mites (Pergamasus crassipes, P. robustus, and Platynothrus peltifer), dipluran <br />(Campodea staphylinus), and collembolan (Orchesella cincta). Copper concentration factors for the <br />eight species ranged from 0.85 – 4.08 in the reference site versus 0.40 – 1.62 in the polluted site. <br />Copper was concentrated more when copper leaf litter concentrations were lower. <br /> <br />Khan et al. 1989 <br />Bioconcentration factors in grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) were determined for two populations, <br />one from an industrialized site and another from a relatively pristine site. Levels of copper measured <br />in shrimp from the industrialized site were greater than from the pristine site, but the industrialized <br />site showed a concentration factor of 0.07, whereas the pristine site showed a concentration factor of <br />1.1 when compared to sediment concentrations. <br /> <br />Marinussen et al 1997a <br />Earthworms (Dendrobaena veneta) were exposed to soils containing various levels of copper. <br />Earthworm tissue concentrations increased proportionally to the soil copper concentrations up to 150 <br />ppm. Above 150 ppm in the soils, tissue concentrations leveled off at about 60 ppm. <br /> <br />Marinussen et al 1997b <br />Soil, containing 815 ± 117 ppm Cu, was collected from a contaminated site in The Netherlands. <br />Earthworms (Dendrobaena veneta) were introduced to the soil in the laboratory. Earthworms <br />appeared to reach equilibrium with the soil exhibiting tissue concentrations of c. 60 ppm through 56 <br />6.3.A. - Page 82