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A. �gly of research shows that police values and instincts <br />aar�e created through shared norms; stereotyping is used by <br />officers to make instant decisions in dangerous situations <br />• Officers react <br />negatively to <br />groups they cannot <br />place within <br />"middle class <br />respectability" <br />• Leads to ethnic <br />stereotyping <br />based on <br />"perceived <br />criminality" of <br />certain ethnic <br />groups <br />• Officers develop <br />their own criteria <br />for proactive <br />policing e.g.: <br />• Individual out of <br />place <br />• Individuals in <br />specific places <br />• Individuals of <br />particular types <br />• Unusual <br />circumstances <br />re: property <br />• Officers unwilling <br />to report <br />misconduct; more <br />willing to perjure <br />themselves to save <br />their partner's <br />reputation <br />• Solidarity is caused <br />by isolation from <br />community and <br />the need for <br />reliance on other <br />officers <br />• Officers see their <br />role as <br />"maintaining <br />order" - sense of <br />the police force as <br />"the thin blue <br />line" keeping <br />chaos at bay <br />• Need to maintain <br />order could be used <br />to justify illegal or <br />aggressive tactics <br />Chan, Janet. 1996. "Changing Police Culture." British Journal of Criminology 36 (1): 109-34. <br />https://doi.org/l0.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a014061. Stanford Unlverslt3� 14 <br />