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TRAINING <br />.A. - NPIPT�9Fecommends de-escalation training but literature <br />reports limited efficacy and lack of standardization in area <br />• PERF and the President's TF on 21st <br />century policing recommend de-escalation <br />training for officers <br />• PERF (2015) also notes that de-escalation <br />training is under -used in police training <br />compared to firearms and defensive tactic <br />training (as per graphic) <br />• However, Todak and James (2018) note that <br />there is no universally accepted definition <br />of de-escalation in policing, which may <br />reduce efficacy of implemented trainings on <br />average <br />• Engel et al (2020) find that, across 64 <br />eligible studies studying the efficacy of <br />de-escalation training, that survey -related <br />results show some positive improvement but <br />that such trainings have little to no effect <br />on the number of aggressive incidents in <br />departments <br />Percent of In -Service Hours Spent on... <br />Firearms <br />18% <br />-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <br />Defensive Tactics <br />13% <br />-------------------------------------------------------- <br />Con Law/Legal Issues9% <br />------------------- <br />--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <br />UoF Scenario -Based Training <br />9% <br />------------------------------------------------------------------ <br />Crisis Intervention <br />9% <br />--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <br />Basic first-aid <br />9% <br />------------------------------------- <br />ECW <br />- <br />I9/0 <br />UoF Policy <br />5% <br />-------------------------------------------------o <br />De-escalation <br />------------------------------------------------- <br />5% <br />---------------------------------------------- <br />Communication Skills <br />o ................................................ <br />- 5% <br />--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <br />Baton <br />5% <br />--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <br />OC Spray <br />5% <br />0% 5% <br />Source: Police Executive Research Forum <br />10% 15% 20% <br />Police Executive Research Forum, "Re -Engineering Training On Police Use of Force". August, 2015 Stanford Universi <br />16 <br />