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associated with increased all-cause mortality risks, even for nonincarcerated residents.” <br />Khatri UG, Hakes JK, Buckler D, Zebrowski A, Winkelman T. Individual- and Area- <br />Level Incarceration and Mortality. JAMA Netw Open. 2025;8(6):e2513537. <br />doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.13537 <br />2: “As many as 1 in 3 people in the United States have criminal records, creating barriers <br />across several domains. Certain groups in particular—including people of color, sexual <br />minorities, transgender and nonbinary people, people with disabilities, people with serious <br />mental illness, and people living in poverty—experience disproportionate, negative impacts <br />related to the criminal legal system. These disparities reflect discriminatory policies that fuel <br />systemic inequalities, burdening families for generations and perpetuating a cycle of <br />poverty. Justice-involved people face more than 44,000 legal sanctions that can prevent <br />them from getting a job, obtaining licenses, attaining and maintaining housing, qualifying for <br />public assistance, pursuing higher education, engaging in civic participation, changing <br />immigration status, and receiving custody of a minor, among many other restrictions. <br />Additionally, people with criminal records face discrimination: 9 in 10 employers, 4 in 5 <br />landlords*, and 3 in 5 colleges and universities use background checks in decisions.” <br />Lake, Jaboa. Criminal Records Create Cycles of Multigenerational Poverty. Center <br />for American Progress. Apr 2020. https://www.americanprogress.org/article/criminal- <br />records-create-cycles-multigenerational-poverty/ <br />*David Thatcher, “The Rise of Criminal Background Screening in Rental Housing,” <br />Journal of the American Bar Foundation 33 (1) (2008): 5–30, available at <br />https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-4469.2008.00092.x/abstract. <br />3: “The evidence indicates that court debt charged to indigent defendants neither caused <br />nor deterred new crime, and the government obtained little financial benefit. Yet, fines and <br />fees contributed to a criminalization of low-income defendants, placing them at risk of <br />ongoing court involvement through new warrants and debt collection.” <br />Pager, D., Goldstein, R., Ho, H., & Western, B. (2022). Criminalizing Poverty: The <br />Consequences of Court Fees in a Randomized Experiment. American Sociological <br />Review, 87(3), 529-553. https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224221075783