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6.D. - Page 17 of 30 to charge their vehicle, while another 49 percent fear the low availability of charging stations."38 In considering whether and when to convert government fleets in San Mateo County, the Grand Jury directs attention to the large number of public charging stations in the County mentioned above. For all of the advances in technology, education, and infrastructure availability, a consistent theme in the CAPS and literature reviewed by the Grand Jury is the perceived cost of ZEVs versus 100 percent fossil -fueled cars and the importance of feasibility and cost effectiveness. Choosing a ZEV over a conventional, internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle can result in significant long term savings. ZEVs "cost less than half as much to operate as gas powered cars."39 "The average cost to operate a ZEV in the US is $485 a year while the average for a gasoline powered vehicle is $1,117."40 The average price for a gallon of gasoline in California is $3.95 (May 2019). The average cost for electricity per gallon equivalent during the daytime is $1.80.41 Fueling electric vehicles at night (off peak) would cost even less. 42,43 Maintenance cost for ZEVs is also lower because they have "fewer moving parts, no exhaust system, less need for cooling, less abrasive braking options and no need to change engine oil, coolant, transmission fluids, air filters, timing belts, head gaskets, cylinder heads and spark plugs."44 The largest maintenance expense of a ZEV is the battery pack .45 ZEV batteries are drained and recharged constantly but some manufacturers will cover replacement with a battery warranty (such as for the Nissan Leaf, Chevrolet Bolt, and Tesla Model S).46 In order to show how all of these factors result in a one-to-one cost comparison, an example lifecycle cost analysis of a ZEV as compared to a comparable internal combustion engine vehicle of the size used by the County of San Mateo is provided in Table 2. This analysis is based on a calculation available on the website of PG&E, but the values have been modified to reflect the rates and conditions that would be experienced by governments in San Mateo County.47 For 38 Rob Stumpf, "Americans Cite Range Anxiety, Cost as Largest Barriers for New EV Purchases: Study", The Drive, February 26, 2019. https://www.thedrive.com/news/26637/americans-cite-range-anxiety-cost-as-largest- barriers-for-new-ev-purchases-study 39 University of Michigan's Transportation Research Institute 2018 Study Report No. SWT -2018-1. 40 Ibid. 41 "egallon: What it is and Why it is Important" Department of Energy's egallon. www.energgov 42 Ibid. 43 Note egallon and miles per gallon (MPGe) is a measurement of the cost to drive a comparable vehicle the same distance you could go on a gallon of gasoline. MPGe is a measurement of how efficiently a vehicle uses energy based on the number of British Thermal Units (BTUs) in the fuel. ' Jeff McMahon, " Electric Vehicle Cost Less Than Half as Much to Drive", Forbes, January 14, 2018. https://www.forbes.com/sites/j effmcmahon/2018/01 / 14/electric-vehicles-cost-less-than-half-as-much-to- drive/#45dl708e3f97 45 Ibid. 46 "Costs and Benefits of Electric Cars vs. Conventional Vehicles", November 15, 2018 https://www.energysage. com/electric-vehicles/buyers-"ide/battery-life-for-top-evs/ 47 Pacific Gas & Electric Company, "Welcome to the EV Savings Calculator". https://ev.pge.com/ 2018-2019 San Mateo County Civil Grand Jury 10 87